<p>Preston-on-the-Patuxent is a historic home located at Johnstown, Calvert County, Maryland, United States. It is a modest -story brick house which has had several later additions made to it. While the home has a traditional construction date of about 1651, there is no structural evidence to indicate a date earlier than about 1725. It has been reported by Puritan knowledge that the original Preston home burned down in 1672, to be replaced by the present structure at a later date. Preston-on-the-Patuxent is popularly, if erroneously, known as the seat of the government of Maryland from 1654 to 1657, during the Puritan regime. The belief that the property was the "capital" comes from evidence that the Council, the Assembly, and the Provincial Court met "at Patuxent" in the 1650s. Richard Preston, a participant in each of the three bodies, most probably hosted their meetings in his dwelling located near the Patuxent River.</p><br>
<p>Preston-on-the-Patuxent was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>Cueva Fell is a natural cave and archaeological site in southern Patagonia. Cueva Fell is in proximity to the Pali Aike Crater, another significant archaeological site. Cueva Fell combined with the nearby Pali Aike site have been submitted to UNESCO as a possible World Heritage Site.</p><br>
<h2>Site discovery</h2><br>
<p>Fells Cave was discovered by Junius Bird. It came to his attention because arrow points and flakes were found on the surface. The cave was originally called the Río Chico shelter, but was later renamed by Bird to Fells Cave in honor of the Fell family who owned the Estancia Brazo Norte, the North Arm Station, where the cave is located. Excavation of the site began in 1936.</p><br>
<h2>Site formation</h2><br>
<p>Fell&#39;s Cave is located in the Río Chico canyon, Chile, near the Straits of Magellan and the Argentine border. This area is known as the Southern Patagonian Basalt Plateaus. Situated on the southeast side of what was once a river bank, it is more accurately described as a rock shelter. It was formed by river water wearing away at the sandstone bank, leaving behind a canopy of lava conglomerate and thus creating a shelter 28 ft deep and 38 ft wide. The erosion formed a smooth floor of hard clay. Remnants of sandstone still clinging to the conglomerate roof eventually fell to the floor, forming an archaeologically sterile layer that separated later human occupation periods.</p><br>
<h2>Stratigraphy</h2><br>
<p>Junius Bird labelled the occupational sediment layers of the site from top to bottom, the top layer directly under the surface is I and the oldest, lowest layer is V.</p><br>
<p>The surface material of the site is composed of dirt, rocks, and hard-packed sheep manure. The surface layer ranges from 18 to 24 in in thickness.</p><br>
<p>The youngest stratigraphic layer of Fell’s Cave is a dark earth layer, reaching approximately 10 in in thickness. This component dates from around 700 years BP to the present. According to conventional radiocarbon dating, the layer dates to 1265 CE +-90.</p><br>
<p>The division between Layer I and Layer II is relatively indistinguishable as the sediments are of similar dark earth, and also reach about 10 in or more in thickness. This layer dates to around 6,500 years BP.</p><br>
<p>This layer dates to around 8,500 to 6,500 years BP. The earth consistency between Layers II and III marking a notable distinction between the two. Layer III is approximately 12 to 15 in thick and consists of compacted dark earth.</p><br>
<p>The thickness of this layer varies from 13 to 17 in and consists of firmly packed dark earth. This layer dates from c. 10,000 to 8,500 years BP.</p><br>
<p>After the earliest layer, Layer V, had accumulated, sandstone slabs fell from the roof of the cave and sealed it off. This layer is 15 to 20 in thick.</p><br>
<p>A refuse soft clay soil varying in thickness from 3 to 9 in composes the oldest occupation level at the site. The site dates from 11,000 +-170 years BP to 10,080 +-160 years BP according to conventional radiocarbon dating.</p><br>
<h2>Chronology</h2><br>
<p>Bird named the periods from earliest to latest, thus Period I is the oldest and is associated with Layer V, while Period V is the latest and is associated with Layer I.</p><br>
<p>This period (layer I) is typified by a tool assemblage containing small arrow points and various bone tools, as well as such cultural materials as combs and beads. Based on the style of the arrow points, it is likely that this period is associated with the Ona Indians. The faunal assemblage of this period is dominated by guanaco bone fragments.</p><br>
<p>Period IV is characterized by the presence of stone tools such as stemmed or legged stone points, knives, and small thumb-nail scrapers as well as a bone tool assemblage. This Period can also be distinguished by the building of structures including extended burials and rock cairns. Again, the faunal assemblage is dominated by guanaco.</p><br>
<p>Present in this layer are bone awls, stone scrapers, and triangular stone points with rounded bases. Also, bolas of notably smaller size than the subsequent later period, period IV. It has been suggested that these small stone bolas may have been used in procurement of birds. Guanaco and fox bone fragments dominate the faunal assemblage.</p><br>
<p>This layers consists mainly of bone points and awls, and stone scrapers.</p><br>
<p>The oldest cultural occupation at this site belongs to the Fell’s Tradition. Thus, Fell’s Cave is the type site for the Fell’s Tradition. This tradition is characterized most notably by fishtail points as well as various stone scrapers, choppers, stone discs and bone tools. Several hearths were also excavated from this level which produced three radiocarbon dates between c.11,000 and 10,000 years BP.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<h3>Climate</h3><br>
<p>In the Late Pleistocene, prior to 12,500 years BP, the area surrounding Cueva Fell was dominated by high winds, year-round freezing temperatures, and annual precipitation under 300 mm. This heathland environment was replaced by a treeless, xeric, herbaceous steppe environment through 11,000 years BP, as the freezing temperatures and winds began to abate. This is the climate and terrain that most closely predated the first human inhabitants in the area.</p><br>
<p>The earliest human occupation dates suggested by the finds in Layer V—c. 11,000 to 10,000 years BP correspond to a period of stadial cooling. In what has been described as a possible South American equivalent to the Younger Dryas, the Patagonian region experienced a period of low temperatures and high precipitation as well as advancing glaciers. This was followed in 10,000 to 9,000 years BP by a warming trend. These two thousand years in question marked a fitful end to the last ice age, one marked by high environmental variability. While this produced significant changes in some taxa, humans, at this time, were already becoming adept at adjusting to new environments and appear not to have been deleteriously affected by the changeable and unpredictable climate.</p><br>
<p>As the Holocene warming trend persisted, so the environment of southern Patagonia continued to change. The archaeology of Fell’s Cave provides evidence for the regular occurrence of summer droughts in the area—droughts that, combined with increasing summer storm activity, may have led to wildfires. The decrease in water availability combined with the evident (through pollen analysis) dramatic change in grazing flora species, are proposed as contributing factors to the evident faunal extinction.</p><br>
<p>The period of 9,000 to 6,000 years BP saw less remarkable shifts in climate, with a general trend away from xeric taxa and, it is then presumed, an increase in precipitation. There is insufficient radiocarbon control at the site to determine local climate conditions post-6,000 years BP, however regional ecology suggests a slight shift towards more aridity.</p><br>
<p>Today Cueva Fell joins most of southern Argentina in what is known as the Fuego-Patagonia steppe environment. The area receives less than 400 mm annual precipitation (typical for the Patagonia region but much drier than neighbouring coastal or mountain terrains) and is dominated by bunch grasses from the genera Festuca and Stipa, along with a variety of herbaceous vegetation.</p><br>
<h3>Flora & fauna</h3><br>
<p>Cueva Fell is notable for the range of now-extinct faunal finds excavated from within it. Notable among these are the giant sloth and the horse. The horse was to become extinct and absent in the Americas through most of the Holocene until it was imported by Europeans. In fact the evidence of the ancient horse Cueva Fell was the first proof that horses occupied the Americas before being reintroduced from the Old World. The stratified remains of both human and animals provides evidence that human occupation of the area actually preceded the extinction of both the native horse (Parahipparium saldasi) and the ground sloth. This same evidence suggested that ancient horse was hunted and eaten. However humans weren’t the sole predators in the area. Bone remains of the horse, llama and ground sloth all display puncture marks, most likely made by the Patagonia panther.</p><br>
<p>The Early Holocene taxa change—the extinction of mostly herbivorous animals in South America—was initially attributed to human over-hunting, as were the megafaunal extinctions in North America. Analysis of pollen extracted from Cueva Fell suggested a substantial reduction in grassland in southern Patagonia in the period just preceding these extinctions, and was an early piece of evidence in the mounting argument against hunting as the primary cause of species collapse. Large quantities of guanaco (lama) were also found in the older depositional layers. Where other large grazing fauna died out in the early Holocene, guanaco appear to have survived as a result of their less specialized plant diet, adapting to the change in vegetation that accompanied the warming Holocene. Guanaco population sizes initially dipped along with other grazing species, but eventually recovered.</p><br>
<p>Analysis of canine remains found in all five human occupation levels of the cave initially suggested they were those of domestic dog (Canis familiaris). This would have been remarkable as the earliest evidence for the domestic dog in the Americas. However subsequent analyses suggest the skull and teeth remains to have been from two wild species: Pseudalopex griseus (South American gray fox) and Canis avus (a small fox or wolf-life canine, particular to South America in the late Pleistocene period). Other faunal bone remains include hawks and falcons.</p><br>
<h2>Artefacts</h2><br>
<p>The first excavation of Fell’s cave in 1936 yielded 511 artefacts. These included hafted implements, knives, scrapers, bolas, a couple of circular rubbing stones, and bone tools.</p><br>
<p>Perhaps the most significant find in the 1936 excavation was the fishtail projectile point. All of the fishtail points were associated with large mammals including: extinct horses, giant ground sloths, and guanacos. Fifteen fishtail projectile points were recovered from Layer V which is the oldest layer that dates back to 11,000 +-170 and 10,080 +-160 years BP. These fishtail point have been radiocarbon dated to be ca. 11,000 years old.</p><br>
<p>Discoidal stones, referred in the chart as circular rubbing stones, were also found. Bird notes in a 1970 journal article that “stone artefacts shaped by pecking and grinding are so generally absent among Paleo-Indian finds that exceptions are noteworthy”. There were two stones found in Cueva Fell; both of them were clearly associated with animal remains. Both were made from lava. The larger stone has a diameter of about 12.3 cm and weighs about 1.12 kg while the smaller stone is about 8.4 cm in diameter and weighs about 0.5 kg. There was also a substantial amount of scrapers found throughout all the Cueva Fell layers. The bone tools found, according to Bird, were made from sloth bone because there bone used showed no evidence of marrow cavities.</p><br>
<p>In 1969 there was a second dig organized at Cueva Fell but it was focused in a slightly different location of the cave. During this excavation 415 artifacts were found; various points, knives, scrapers, cores, bolas, and bone tools.</p><br>
<h2>Site significance</h2><br>
<h3>The colonization of the New World</h3><br>
<p>The colonization of the Americas may be one of the most contentious archaeological debates today. The issue involves a large body of research and numerous theories as to how and when this event began. For decades, the Clovis-first model trumped all other theories for the Settlement of the Americas. This theory basically holds that the Clovis culture constituted the earliest peoples to arrive in and inhabit North America. Entering the Americas from Asia via the Bering Land Bridge and migrating south through the ice free corridor, the Clovis people populated southern North America. This population spread through Central America and finally South America.</p><br>
<p>At the time the theory was proposed no archaeological evidence had been discovered in the Americas which pre-dated 11,050 to 10,800 years BP, or the onset of the Clovis culture. However, in the last few decades a multitude of sites were found, which at first challenged this theory and now demand a new model to explain the peopling of the Americas. Based on the current understanding of archaeological evidence, it is now widely accepted that a pre-Clovis culture colonized the Americas via a Pacific coastal route sometime between 14,000 and 12,000 years BP.</p><br>
<p>Some of the evidence supporting the coastal theory comes from the southern-most portions of South America. Many researchers now agree that occupation of Tierra del Fuego, between 11,000 and 10,500 years ago, simply does not provide enough time for mid-continental migration. A similar argument is made about Monte Verde, which may be the best known and most widely accepted of these sites and which pre-dates Clovis by approximately 1,000 years.</p><br>
<p>Although site discovery and excavation were not recent, Cueva Fell is representative of occupation of southern South America. The earliest occupation at Cueva Fell, between 11,000 +-170 and 10,080 +-160 years BP, does not pre-date but is coeval with Clovis. Other Late Pleistocene sites in Argentina, such as Cerro Tres Tetas, Cueva Casa del Minero and Piedra Museo are also contemporaneous with Clovis and the early occupation at Fell’s Cave.</p><br>
<h3>Stone tool technology</h3><br>
<p>The common tendency to compare South American and North American prehistory is increasingly becoming outmoded, most notably in regards to early technological adaptations. It has been long believed that the early fluted points of South America represented a diffusion of the fluted North American Clovis points. South American fluted points include the fishtail point represented at Cueva Fell and many other regions, the El Jobo point (Venezuela), and the Paijan point (Peru and Ecuador), all of which dating to Clovis times.</p><br>
<p>The fluted stone tool variants of South America represent regional adaptations to the procurement of Pleistocene megafauna that contrasts with the continent-wide use of Clovis points in North America. Such regional technological adaptations seem to reflect the initial dispersal of small paleoindian groups throughout the vast continent. The fishtail points of Cueva Fell thus represent crucial evidence in the distinction between tool technologies in the southern and northern continents of the Americas.</p><br>
<h3>Site discovery in Fuego-Patagonia</h3><br>
<p>Finally, Cueva Fell deserves recognition for representing possibly the earliest occupation of Fuego-Patagonia approximately 11,000 BP. This southern region of South America is symbolic of "the end of the line" for the initial colonization of the New World.</p><br>
<p>The early inhabitants of Fuego-Patagonia signify sparse populations spread out over large territories and chances of site discovery in this region are low. Many of these sites, Cueva Fell included, are rock shelters which have been used as dens by carnivorous fauna over thousands of years, which not only disturb archaeological deposits but add difficulty to recognizing archaeological sites. Low population density combined with these other factors make Junius Bird’s discovery of Cueva Fell in 1936 truly remarkable in and of itself.</p><br>
<p>The Faraway Ranch Historic District is part of the Chiricahua National Monument in southern Arizona, and preserves an area associated with the final conflicts with the local Apache, one of the last frontier settlements, and in particular, its association with the people who promoted the establishment of the Chiricahua National Monument. Faraway Ranch is located in Bonita Canyon, which lies at an approximate altitude of 5160 feet and opens in a southwesterly direction into the Sulphur Springs Valley.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>19th century</h3><br>
<p>Settlement of the area was started at the Stafford Homestead in Bonita Canyon in 1879. Ja Hu Stafford was a significant pioneer in the area, and his cabin was incorporated into the later tourist development. In 1885-86, the 10th Cavalry, an African-American enlisted unit commanded by white officers, established a temporary camp at Bonita Canyon. They were part of the last campaign to capture the Apache rebel Geronimo.</p><br>
<p>In 1886 Neil Erickson and Emma Sophia Peterson, both young Swedish immigrants, married and set out for Bonita Canyon to homestead. The Erickson Homestead, established in 1887, soon became the Erickson Ranch as they gradually took over the smaller homesteads in the canyon. They planted fruit trees and vegetables, and raised cattle. The Erickson Ranch period, 1887–1917, was significant in the areas of agriculture, architecture, industry, social history, conservation and the end of the frontier.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>In 1903 Neil became a forest ranger with what soon became the United States Forest Service. He was promoted to District Ranger in 1917. He headquartered at the ranch until he received his promotion which required him to relocate. The senior Ericksons left the ranch in the hands of their oldest child, Lillian, a college graduate and part-time school teacher. She managed the cattle ranching operations and branched out into guest ranching, letting rooms, and providing guests with horses to ride and guided trail tours for a fee. In 1923 she suffered a head injury in a fall from a horse which compromised her vision immediately and took it completely 19 years later. Nevertheless even into her 80s she continued to run the ranch with the help of series of foremen and hired hands. Guest operations continued into the mid-1960s. In 1974 she moved for a time to a rest home in Willcox, but returned to the ranch and continued to manage it in some capacity until her death in 1977.</p><br>
<p>At about the same time as her accident, 1923, Lillian married a local son of pioneer stock, Ed Riggs. While she managed the operations at home, Ed promoted the “Wonderland of Rocks,” an area of rhyolite tuff rock formations just southeast of the ranch) as a tourist attraction and potential national monument. Largely through his efforts, Chiricahua National Monument was established in 1924 and Riggs was hired to supervise construction of new horse and hiking trails throughout the newly established monument. He also managed most of the maintenance around the ranch until his death in 1950.</p><br>
<p>The National Park Service acquired furnishings, papers, documents and records associated with the ranch with its purchase. As a most complete and outstanding historical record of both the business and personal affairs of the family that founded, developed, and operated this ranch, the documents are considered contributing to the district.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<p>Today, the existing buildings at the Faraway Ranch have been carefully restored to their early 20th century appearance through personal recounts and photographic records. The buildings include:</p><br>
<p>Ranch House: Adobe and board-and-batten structure with a hipped roof and finished in mineral composition shingles over earlier wood shingles. It is nearly square in plan, with exterior walls principally of adobe bricks plastered over both inside and out, with open porches filling its southwest corner on both floors. Additionally, a screened, shed-roofed porch has been added along the ground floor on the east side, and a glazed, shed-roofed porch constituting the guest dining room has been added along most of the north side.</p><br>
<p>Office/small garage: Small frame building with tin roof painted green, originally used by Neil Erickson as an office and a personal garage, now used as an exhibit building</p><br>
<p>Large garage: Frame structure with five stalls, large sliding doors, and a tin gable roof, built for guests</p><br>
<p>Large shed: Frame structure with a tin gable roof, attached on one side to the large garage</p><br>
<p>Stafford Cabin: Log cabin with two frame additions, one of which is a small garage</p><br>
<p>Cowboy House: Wooden "L" shaped structure with shallow-pitched gable roof, originally two separate cabins that were joined together, used by cowboys and later by guests</p><br>
<p>Bunkhouse: Cabin with stone and board-and-batten walls and a roof finished with brown composition shingles, originally used as three separate guest quarters</p><br>
<p>Martha Riggs House: Wooden structure that burned down in 1963, only concrete foundation remains. The building was purchased by the Ericksons and moved from an unspecified location to the Faraway Ranch as an additional guests quarters.</p><br>
<p>Barn: Frame structure with tin gable roof, includes saddle house and feed room</p><br>
<p>Corral: Typical horse corral with wooden fencing</p><br>
<p>Generator house: Stone building with a tin gable roof, used to house a gasoline-powered generator, now missing</p><br>
<p>Storage shed: Frame structure with a tin gable roof</p><br>
<p>Tool shed: Frame structure with a tin shed roof</p><br>
<h2>Photo gallery</h2><br>
<p>Aneroid Lake is a large tarn located on Aneroid Mountain in the Eagle Cap Wilderness of northeastern Oregon. It is situated in between Roger Lake and Dollar Lake. It is not accessible by any kind of motor vehicle. However, there is a popular hiking trail that leads to the lake. There is a small group of private cabins near the south end and Pete&#39;s Point is clearly visible from the lake. It ties with Laverty Lake as the twenty-third highest lake in the Eagle Cap Wilderness at 7,500 ft.</p><br>
<h2>Backcountry skiing</h2><br>
<p>Being surrounded by slopes that are typically covered in snow as early as October, Aneroid Lake has become a popular backcountry skiing destination. Guided tours are available, some tours utilize the cabins at the lake.</p><br>
<h3>Fatalities</h3><br>
<p>The area is known for unexpected avalanches, which at times have caused fatalities. One of the earliest avalanche caused fatalities on record that occurred at Aneroid Lake was on February 14, 1981, when an avalanche killed one skier near the lake. Through not a single avalanche-related death had occurred at lake since 1981, on March 7, 2009, a 50-year-old skier was killed near the lake. Roger T. Roepke, his 15-year-old son, and 48-year-old Don Woodhouse were part of a group who was skiing about one half mile above the Aneroid Lake cabins when a quarter-mile-long slab avalanche occurred, burying the three skiers. The avalanche began at about 1 p.m. and slid approximately 1,000 ft before the run-out. It received a 3.5 danger scale rating by the American Avalanche Association. Don Woodhouse and the 15-year-old Roepke survived the event. However, after 30 minutes of CPR and other life saving measures, Roger Roepke was considered dead.</p><br>
<h2>SNOTEL</h2><br>
<p>One half mile east of Aneroid Lake is Aneroid Lake Snotel #2, which is one of the two SNOTELs in the Eagle Cap mountains. It measures the depth of the snow, the amount of water content in the snow, general precipitation, and air temperature. It is operated by the Natural Resources Conservation Service and was installed in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Trail</h2><br>
<p>Aneroid Lake can be accessed by either the East Fork Wallowa River Trailhead at Wallowa Lake or Tenderfoot Trailhead. The East Fork Wallowa River Trailhead is by far a shorter hike to Aneroid Lake, being only 6 mi long. It begins at the south end of Wallowa Lake, near Wallowa Lake State Park. After about 2 mi of hiking on the East Fork Wallowa River Trail, the climber will reach a small dam. At 3.8 mi there is a small, well built bridge. At 5.5 mi lies Roger Lake. The trail is usually well maintained. It may be heavily traveled in the summer months.</p><br>
<p>The Lees Ferry and Lonely Dell Ranch Historic District includes the ranch homesteaded by Mormon pioneer John D. Lee at Lees Ferry, Arizona, and now in Glen Canyon National Recreation Area. It is notable for its association with Lee, the ferry and the ranchs extensive irrigation facilities. The district was originally designated the Lonely Dell Ranch Historic District on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978, but was expanded to include Lees Ferry in 1997.</p><br>
<p>Lee&#39;s Ferry occupies an area on either side of the Colorado River, while Lonely Dell Ranch nearby on the west bank of Paria Canyon, leaving a space of fertile bottomland available for cultivation. The period of significance for the district extends from the 1871 arrival of the Lees to the last run of the ferry in 1928, superseded by the new Navajo Bridge.</p><br>
<h2>John D. Lee</h2><br>
<p>Lee was a practicing polygamist who built cabins for two of his families at Lees Ferry, in what became known as "Lonely Dell". Lees ferry started service on January 11, 1873, ferrying Mormon settlers across the river. Tensions rose between the settlers and the Navajo, whose lands were being occupied by the settlers, resulting in the construction of the Lee&#39;s Ferry Fort at the crossing in 1874. No conflict arose at the ferry, so the fort became a trading post, then a residence. In 1877 Lee was executed for his role in the Mountain Meadows massacre. In 1879, the LDS Church bought the ferry rights from Emma Lee, granting the ferry service to Warren Marshall Johnson and his families. A number of structures remain in the district from the polygamist period of the Lee and Johnson families.</p><br>
<h2>American Placer Corporation</h2><br>
<p>The American Placer Corporation office was established at Lees Ferry in 1910 and abandoned the next year. In that interval, the company constructed a steamboat, the "Charles H. Spencer", named for the companys founder, to transport coal mined farther up the river to the companys amalgamation operation at Lees Ferry. The boat, in use for one year, was docked and finally sank in a 1921 flood. Its remains are visible in the river, and it is separately listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>In 1922 the office building was re-occupied as the Lee&#39;s Ferry Post Office, but was abandoned in 1924. Another brief use came in 1931.</p><br>
<h2>Irrigation</h2><br>
<p>Lee started construction of the first earthen dam on the Paria River in January 1872 and by March irrigated his first crop. By April this first dam washed out. Lee soon replaced the dam reinforced with a large base log packed with brush, rocks, and dirt. The dam was subsequently washed out and rebuilt many times over the coming years. In 1883, in order to bring water to an upper field, Warren Johnson constructed a dam on a second site higher up the Paria. By 1900, the dams were replaced with new ones made of logs and sandbags. In 1905, Irving Pierce constructed a tunnel-and-flume delivery system to replace the ditches bringing water from the upper dam to the fields. By the time Leo Weaver bought the ranch in 1935, several more dams had been washed out. Weaver&#39;s attempt to replace the dams also failed. Gus and Warren Griffin made improvements upon the system, including a stone lined ditch. Most of what exists today is related to the Griffin improvements In 1965, the consortium that owned the ranch created two holding ponds for irrigation water against the west wall of Paria canyon. In 1977, the National Park Service pumped water from the Colorado River instead of the Paria. The Park Service constructed a new holding tank near the south end of the site, at the same time removing remains of the flume system and valve platform for a trail. This system remains in use as of 1999.</p><br>
<h2>Lead etching</h2><br>
<p>In January 2002 a lead plate, or scroll, was found in the Lees Ferry Fort with an etching purporting to be by John D. Lee in 1872. It was discovered by a National Parks worker while cleaning up inside the structure, which is restricted from public access. The brief writing accused Mormon leaders Brigham Young and George A. Smith of ordering the Mountain Meadows Massacre, for which Lee was convicted and sentenced to die. Despite some evidence suggesting this is a forgery, historian Will Bagley claims it fits with the historical context and Lees writing style. He wrote, "If the scroll is a fake, it is a good one--so good that only a few people could have pulled it off." Forensic investigator George Throckmorton, who helped crack the Mark Hofmann forgeries, examined the plate in 2003 and took samples for chemical analysis in 2007.</p><br>
<p>Antelope Hot Springs  are natural hot springs located in southeastern Oregon, USA 67.4 mi northeast of Lakeview and 12 mi northeast of the community of Plush, a 28.3 mi drive.</p><br>
<p>The springs emerge at 104 &deg;F in a semi-improved, accessible location suitable for camping within Hart Mountain National Antelope Refuge. The pool is about 5 feet deep and 9 by 12 across (150 cm deep, 3 m x 4 m).</p><br>
<p>The pool can accommodate six people.</p><br>
<p>A posted sign requests that nudists lock the door, though one author suggests the remote location renders such formality unnecessary.</p><br>
<p>Reportedly a rancher noticed some water bubbling from a rock and blasted it with dynamite resulting in a hot spring pool.</p><br>
<p>There appears to be no official name for the springs, which GNIS refers to only as Hot Springs,</p><br>
<p>and USA topographic maps label similarly.</p><br>
<p>Morgan Hill Farm, also known as Morgans Fresh or Hill Farm, is a historic home located at Lusby, Calvert County, Maryland. It is a -story gable-roofed frame house of a T-shaped plan, with single exterior chimneys on each of the three exposed ends. The original building appears to have been built about 1700, with extensively remodeled in the early 19th century. In 1952 a large rear wing was added to the house. Outbuildings include a one-story log servants quarter, a log smokehouse, and a large tobacco barn.</p><br>
<p>Phillip Morgan received the original land grant in 1651, under the name Morgans Fresh. Morgan, a captain in the Puritan Militia and a locally prominent man, and sold the property in 1670 to Robert Day. In 1836 the property was sold by Days descendants to Richard Breeden, who was probably responsible for the extensive renovations made to the house in the early 19th century and renamed the property Hill Farm.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>All Saints Church is a historic Episcopal church located at 100 Lower Marlboro Road , in Sunderland, Calvert County, Maryland. All Saints Parish was one of the thirty original Anglican parishes created in 1692 to encompass the Province of Maryland. In 1693 its first parish church, a log structure, was built on an acre of land called Kemp&#39;s Desire donated by Thomas Hillary. This log church was expanded in 1703-1704 and repaired at least 4 times before being replaced on top of the hill between MD routes 4, 262, and 2 by the present brick building.</p><br>
<p>Built between 1774 and 1777, the present church building is a Georgian structure of Flemish bond brick with random glazed headers. Since All Saint&#39;s Parish was part of the established church of the Province of Maryland, the published volumes of the Archives of Maryland contain pertinent documented source material on the building showing that it was built with county taxes while future bishop Thomas Claggett served as its rector.</p><br>
<p>All Saints&#39; Church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>All Saints&#39; Church remains an active parish in the Episcopal Diocese of Maryland. Its current rector is the Rev. Ken Phelps, Jr.</p><br>
<p>The Christ Church is a historic Episcopal church located at Port Republic, Calvert County, Maryland, United States. The church is a three-bay-wide, five bays long, beige stucco covered structure featuring stained glass in most of the tall paired round-arched sash windows. It is the mother Episcopal Church of Calvert County and its oldest continually worshipping congregation. Middleham Chapel was started from this congregation as a Chapel of Ease. Christ Church Parish was one of the original 30 Anglican parishes in the Province of Maryland. Burials in the church cemetery include former U. S. Representative Thomas Parran, Sr. and United States Coast Guard Admiral Merlin O&#39;Neill.</p><br>
<p>Christ Church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>Middleham Chapel is an historic Episcopal church located at 10210 H. G. Trueman Road in Lusby, Calvert County, Maryland. It is a one-story, cruciform, Flemish bond brick structure with exposed fieldstone foundations. It was built in 1748, to replace an earlier frame or log structure believed to have been erected as early as 1684, as a Chapel of Ease of Christ Church Parish. The date of construction is worked into the brick on the front of the church.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>Middleham Chapel is still in use today. In 1900 it joined with nearby St. Peters Chapel to form Middleham and St. Peters Episcopal Parish in the Episcopal Diocese of Maryland. The parish&#39;s current rector is the Rev. David Showers.</p><br>
<p>The Chesapeake Beach Railway Station is a historic railway station located at Chesapeake Beach, Calvert County, Maryland, United States. It is composed of two one-story, hip-roofed sections; one part was once an open passenger boarding area that was later enclosed for storage. The station was erected in 1898, for the Chesapeake Beach Railway. It is now operated as a railway museum.</p><br>
<p>The Chesapeake Beach Railway Station was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>The station was dedicated as a museum to the Calvert County Board of Commissioners by Gerald and Fred Donovan in 1979. The Calvert County Historical Society is responsible for maintaining the building and its exhibits. The museum features artifacts, exhibits and programs commemorating the Chesapeake Beach Railway and local history.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The station was originally opened as a stop along the railway when Otto Mears sought to create a resort town at the Chesapeake Bay between Baltimore and Washington, D.C. Mears and his business associates established hotels, beaches, casinos and a boardwalk. On June 9, 1900, the first train arrived at the station. However, 35 years later, the Great Depression and the growing popularity of cars led to a decline in business. The last train left the station on April 15, 1935.</p><br>
<p>The Grandview Mine, also known as the Last Chance Mine, was operated by Pete Berry from 1892 until 1901 in what later became Grand Canyon National Park. The Grandview Mine Historic District includes what remains of the mine workings and machinery as well as the ruins of a stone house and sleeping shanty. Physical evidence, including low stone walls and construction debris, suggests that several wood structures were also originally present on the site.</p><br>
<p>Pete Berry established Last Chance Mine on Horseshoe Mesa in 1892. He constructed the four-mile Grandview Trail down to the copper mine, and in 1893 began hauling ore out by mule. Although the ore was over 70% pure copper and won a prize at the Columbian Exposition in Chicago, the mine did not prove profitable, and in 1901 Berry and his partners sold it to the Canyon Copper Company, who operated it until 1907. The mine was then acquired by William Randolph Hearst, who sold it to the National Park Service in 1940.</p><br>
<p>The mineralization at the mine is secondary copper minerals in a breccia zone along a monocline flexure in Navajo Sandstone. Redwall Limestone is bleached, brecciated and marbleized. Grandview is the type locality for grandviewite, a copper aluminium silicate. Grandview produced exceptionally fine mineral specimens of cyanotrichite, brochantite, chalcoalumite, and many other copper and uranium minerals. These specimens are now rare, as mineral collecting is not permitted in the National Park.</p><br>
<p>In 2009, the mines were gated to protect bat roosts, support on-going bat research, preserve historic mine resources, and promote visitor safety. The gating project was done by Mine Gates, Inc., with support from Grand Canyon National Park, Bat Conservational International, and Freeport-McMoRan. Details of the mine site, as well as manufacturing and installation of each bat gate are documented on the MineGates site.</p><br>
<p>The Grand Canyon National Park Superintendents Residence is a National Park Service Rustic style building, designed in 1921 by Daniel Ray Hull of the National Park Service Branch of Plans and Designs as the parks first headquarters building. The visitor information room was financed by a donation from the Brooklyn Daily Eagle newspaper. The building was altered in 1931 by Thomas Chalmers Vint to be the park superintendent&#39;s residence, superseded as headquarters by the Grand Canyon Park Operations Building It is included in the Grand Canyon Village National Historic Landmark District.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>As originally built the structure was a relatively small two-story, L-shaped administrative building with a stone first floor and a frame second floor. When it was converted to a residence in 1931 it was enlarged in a sympathetic manner, retaining its original design vocabulary. The main living quarters are on the upper level, with eight rooms including the living room, dining room, kitchen, bedrooms and bathrooms, with stone fireplaces in the dining and living rooms. The main entrance is from a porch off the living room. The downstairs features a family room with another stone fireplace, formerly the visitor information office. There remainder of the lower level is occupied by a variety of rooms and winding corridors that connect to a two-car garage. The building is currently used for administrative offices for one of the park&#39;s concessionaires.</p><br>
<h2>Historic designation</h2><br>
<p>The Superintendent&#39;s Residence was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 6, 1974.</p><br>
<p>The Buckey ONeill Cabin was built in 1890 by William "Buckey" ONeill in what would become Grand Canyon National Park. ONeill was, among many other things, a member of Theodore Roosevelts Rough Riders, who had previously been an author, sheriff, and a judge in his native Arizona. He was killed in action in Cuba in 1898, but was instrumental in establishing what would eventually become the Grand Canyon Railroad.</p><br>
<p>The cabin is the oldest extant structure on the South Rim. It was used as an office for tourist accommodations in the area during the 1890s, which eventually evolved into the Bright Angel Hotel. After the hotel was sold to the Fred Harvey Company it remained much as it was when built. It was incorporated into the rebuilt Bright Angel Lodge complex by Mary Jane Colter in 1935.</p><br>
<p>The one-story cabin is a wood frame structure on a low stone foundation, right on the edge of the Grand Canyon. The shallow-pitched roof is covered with wood shingles. The cabin is connected to other lodge buildings using compatible, unobtrusive materials, and has been cited as an early example of an adaptive reuse of a historic structure. The cabin is one of the guest accommodations of the Bright Angel lodge.</p><br>
<p>The Buckey O&#39;Neill Cabin was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 29, 1975.</p><br>
<p>The Grand Canyon North Rim Headquarters is a historic district on the North Rim of the Grand Canyon in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona. Established from 1926 through the 1930s, the district includes examples of National Park Service Rustic architecture as applied to employee residences, administrative facilities and service structures.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The North Rim experienced very little development until 1926, in part due to the intervention of Senator Ralph Cameron, who held commercial interests in the park area prior to its establishment, and who prevented funding of North Rim improvements.</p><br>
<p>Starting in 1926, the first structures included the Ranger Residence and the accompanying wood shed and horse barn. Additional structures were added during the late 1920s and 1930s, including various equipment storage areas, warehouses, and residences. The last structure to be constructed as part of the North Rim Headquarters was an equipment shed in 1936.</p><br>
<p>Over the years, the use of these buildings has changed considerably, however, in most instances, these changes do not affect the exterior of the structure. The most significant architectural qualities are limited to the exterior facades, the fireplace in Residence No. 102, and to the wrought iron door hinges on several of the maintenance buildings.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The district comprises two sections, each with residences. The eastern portion includes a garage and a ranger station, while the western group includes an office, a barn and maintenance buildings.</p><br>
<p>The oldest structure, a residence, is a one-story gable-roofed structure, built in frame on a stone foundation with lap siding in 1926. Other houses, sheds and a dormitory were built in 1931. The dormitory is particularly notable for its expression of the National Park Service Rustic style. A ranger station, also known as the old administration building, was built in 1931 and moved in the mid-1930s, but was destroyed by fire on March 5, 1982.</p><br>
<p>Other buildings include a machine shop (1932), gas and oil station (1933) and a variety of residences.</p><br>
<h2>Historic designation</h2><br>
<p>The Grand Canyon North Rim Headquarters District was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 2, 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Rangers Dormitory at the South Rim of Grand Canyon National Park was built in 1920-21. Originally built as a workers dormitory, it was converted for ranger use in 1927. The stone building was designed by Daniel Ray Hull of the National Park Service Branch of Plans and Designs, and is a precursor of the later National Park Service Rustic style.</p><br>
<p>The dormitory is one of the earliest National Park Service-built structures at the South Rim. Measuring about 55 ft by 25 ft, the single-story structure&#39;s exterior walls are of rubble sandstone with a long gabled roof. The gable ends are sheathed in wood. The ground falls away from front to back, so that the back door has a stone stairway. The interior features an entrance hall and a large communal room with a stone fireplace at the western end, with a central hall running down the center to the rear door with individual rooms on either side.</p><br>
<p>The dormitory was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 5, 1975.</p><br>
<p>The Trans-Canyon Telephone line in Grand Canyon National Park crosses the Grand Canyon from the South Rim to the North Rim via the Inner Canyon. The lines were constructed in 1934 and altered in 1938-39 by the Civilian Conservation Corps, and have been unchanged since their installation. Telephone lines are supported using 592 assemblies of 2 in galvanized pipes and fittings, which could be easily transported and assembled with minimal impact to the canyon environment. It is a rare surviving example of open-wire copper -weld technology. The line extends for 18 mi, paralleling the Bright Angel Trail and the North Kaibab Trail, providing a direct link between the North and South Rims, as well as the Inner Canyon. A spur line ran along the South Kaibab Trail to the Tipoff.</p><br>
<p>The line was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 13, 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Grand Canyon Water Reclamation Plant in Grand Canyon National Park was one of the first water reclamation plants in the United States, pioneering operating principles that are in use in modern facilities. It is located on the South Rim in Grand Canyon Village, the center of tourist development in the park.</p><br>
<p>The scarcity of water and the high demand for fresh water in the developed areas of the park encouraged the development of a system to treat wastewater so that it could be used for non-potable purposes such as flushing toilets, supplying steam locomotive boilers, irrigation and similar uses. The Grand Canyon water plant was completed in May 1926, producing water that was claimed to be potable (but never used for drinking) at a cost that was one-sixth of the cost for new water. The plant was expanded in 1934 to serve the Bright Angel Lodge.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The treatment plant consists of a set of bar-screen boxes, a sedimentation tank, three aeration tanks, two clarifiers, one secondary tank, two filters, an approximately 300,000 USgal holding tank, and a water tank for backwashing filters. The mechanical systems are housed in a two-story frame structure on a concrete base that contains filters, aeration generators and the chlorination system, as well as an office, laboratory and shop.</p><br>
<p>The treatment process passed wastewater through the bar screen, which filtered out large solids, then to a measuring followed by a finer bar screen flume. Solids from the bar screens went to a sludge pond, while coarsely filtered water went to a pre-sedimentation tank, which separated grease and additional solids. An aeration stage allowed aerobic bacteria to work, followed by a pass through clarifier tanks. Filters used anthracite coal to give final clarity, followed by chlorination and storage. The plant operated with its original equipment until it closed. Most of the equipment is original.</p><br>
<h2>Historic designation</h2><br>
<p>The historic land embraced in this site is a rectangle formed by using the aeration tanks as a center and extending lines 100 yards to the north, 200 yards to the east, 200 yards to the west, and 400 yards to the south.</p><br>
<p>The treatment plant was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 6, 1974.</p><br>
<p>The Players is a clubhouse and theatre located at 3321 East Jefferson Avenue in Detroit, Michigan. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1985 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Players Club of Detroit was founded in 1910 by a group of local Detroit businessmen as an institution to encourage amateur theater. From the beginning, it was a strictly male club. For the first 15 years of the club&#39;s existence, they were forced to perform in different venues each month, including the Detroit Athletic Club, the University Club and the Twentieth Century Club.</p><br>
<p>A number of the financial elite of early 20th century Detroit were members of the Players, including Henry Joy, Truman Newberry, James Couzens, and Lawrence Fisher. The club continued as a successful and popular gentleman&#39;s club until the 1970s, when membership began to drop. However, the club experienced a renaissance in the 1990s, and as of 2005 there were 174 members.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>In 1925, Players Club member William E. Kapp designed a building to permanently house the club Ten sculpted gargoyles were created by Corrado Parducci for the façade. Below the west entrance pavilion the legend "The Players" is traced in limestone.</p><br>
<p>The building includes a four-story high stage, as well as a kitchen, dressing rooms, basement storage and prop rooms, and a formal meeting room on the upper floor.</p><br>
<p>The interior is notable for the Art Deco murals. Six murals on the auditorium walls, painted by Paul Honoré, depict a traveling troupe of troubadours. Eight smaller banners represent skills and trades needed to stage a theatrical production.</p><br>
<h2>Plays</h2><br>
<p>Members of the Players put on three one-act plays each "Frolic." Frolics take place on the first Saturday evening of the month, October through April, with the following exceptions: November, where a full three-act play is presented, and January, where the frolic is replaced with an annual fund raising event such as a "Millionaire&#39;s Party." All roles, as well as direction, costuming, set construction, and the like, are taken by members. In the Shakespearean tradition, all roles on stage are played by men.</p><br>
<h2>Site</h2><br>
<p>The bed of Parents Creek lies underneath one corner of the building. A state of Michigan historical marker commemorating this battle sits in front of this building.</p><br>
<p>The Bates Well Ranch , also known as the Bates Well, Growler Well, Gray Ranch and El Veit, was one of the fifteen ranches and line camps in the Gray family cattle business in the Sonoran Desert country north of the US-Mexico border in Pima County, Arizona. Operating for nearly 60 years, the ranch is now part of Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument.</p><br>
<p>The main ranch house was moved from Growler Mine to Bates Well in 1942, re-used in traditional frontier and Gray family practice. Probably originating as a miners cabin, the northern portion was presumably added after its relocation at Bates Well. The original well may have been dug by W.B. Bates about 1870, with a later well dug by Reuben Daniels circa 1913. An arrastra, a simple ore-milling operation, existed in the early 20th century. The property was developed by Robert Louis Grays son, Henry from 1935 on. Henry lived there until his death in 1976.</p><br>
<p>The Bates Well property represents a very complete and intact example of the frontier ranching pattern in Arizona typical of the Sonoran Desert during the first third of the twentieth century. The Gray family controlled essentially all ranching operations in the Organ Pipe National Monument area, including Aguajita Spring, Alamo Canyon Ranch, Bonita Well Line Camp, Bull Pasture, Cement Tank, Dos Lomitas Ranch, Dowling Ranch, Gachado Line Camp, Hocker Well, Pozo Nuevo Line Camp, Pozo Salado or Salt Well, Red Tanks Well, Wild Horse Tank and Williams Spring. Ranching operations ceased in 1976.</p><br>
<p>The West End Collegiate Church is a church on West End Avenue at 77th Street on Manhattan&#39;s Upper West Side. It is part of The Collegiate Reformed Protestant Dutch Church in the City of New York, the oldest Protestant church with a continuing organization in America. The West End Collegiate Church and Collegiate School, which includes the adjacent Collegiate School, is listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>West End Collegiate was built as part of the rapid development of the Upper West Side in the late nineteenth century—from country estates to an urban neighborhood of town houses and, later, apartment buildings. On October 16, 1890, the Consistory of the Collegiate Church instructed the "Committee on a new church site west of Central Park" to price several plots of land of a minimum size of seven lots. The Committee purchased four lots on West End Avenue and three lots on 77th Street for $89,000. A building committee was formed and construction began in 1891. The building stood complete in the fall of 1892 and dedicated on November 20, 1892. On November 19, 1892, The Reverend Henry Evertson Cobb of West Troy, New York was called to become the first minister of the Church.</p><br>
<p>During World War II the church was a center for the Dutch refugee and relief effort; Princess Juliana of the Netherlands visited twice during the war.</p><br>
<p>The church and collegiate school buildings together were designated a New York City Landmark in 1967 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The church was designed by McKim Mead & White in Dutch Colonial style, a subset of the Renaissance revival style. Many buildings on West End Avenue and the upper West Side were being built in this style at that time.</p><br>
<p>Architect Robert W. Gibson designed the church following the design of the 1606 Vleeshal in Haarlem, the Netherlands. This building has the picturesque qualities of the Gothic, highly valued in the late nineteenth century and deemed especially appropriate to church architecture. Authenticity is enhanced by the choice of long, thin, brown bricks laid in Roman pattern, and by the generous use of quoins and blockings of buff terra cotta. The architect further enhanced the antique effect by inserting several handsome, terra cotta panels carved with the coats-of-arms of the church and of past benefactors. The large, octagonal pulpit is carved from oak. Its panels show the coat-of-arms of the Dutch Reformed Church and the great seal of the Church. The pulpit chairs are carved of oak in Old Dutch style. The stained glass windows were donated and created over the course of several decades; three are by Tiffany Studios and one, the east transept window titled The morning cometh and the shadows flee away, was designed by Clara Miller Burd. In the early 2000s, all the stained glass windows of the church were removed, repaired and reinstalled.</p><br>
<p>The Dos Lomitas Ranch, also known as the Rattlesnake Ranch, Blankenship Well and the Gray Ranch, was the first of fifteen ranches and line camps in the Gray family cattle business in the Sonoran Desert country north of the US-Mexico border in Arizona. The ranch is now part of Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument. The period of significance begins for the district with the purchase of the water rights for the ranch in 1919 and ends with the death with the last of the three Gray sons, Robert, Jr., in 1976, and the subsequent removal of the last of the Gray&#39;s cattle from the monument.</p><br>
<p>The main ranch house, is regarded as a rare example of the earlier "Sonoran traditional ranch style," characterized by thick adobe walls, whether exposed or stuccoed, beamed ceiling, flat roof and floor of packed earth, often laid out in an L-form. An outbuilding is built of railroad ties covered with corrugated roofing.</p><br>
<p>The Odeon of Philippopolis  was the house of the city council of citizens  of ancient Plovdiv. It was also used as a theatre due to its appropriate structure. The Odeon buildings had four construction periods: from the 2nd century AD  when it was initially built to the 4th century AD when it was abandoned. The existence of such a building in ancient Plovdiv is a sign for the importance of Philippopolis as a cultural and political center.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Odeon of Philippopolis was discovered near General Gurko street in the Northeastern conrner of the Roman forum in Plovdiv. The natural connection between the odeon and the forum was destroyed during the construction of Maria Luiza blvd. and the tunnel under the main pedestrian street of Plovdiv.</p><br>
<h2>The Odeon</h2><br>
<p>The Odeon was a rectangular building which comprise typical elements for roofed theatres like skene, orchestra and cavea. The skene is narrow and its length spreads through the entire width of the cavea. The proskenion (the podium in front of the skene) was 1,5m higher than the level of the orchestra. The skene was two-stories high built in Corinthian order system of Roman type which was typical for the period. Typically for a theatre buildings, vertical grooves were found in the skene&#39;s wall which indicate that a structure for raising and lowering a curtain probably existed. The height of the construction that bears the cavea was considerable.</p><br>
<p>The orchestra had a horseshoe shape which was typical for Roman provinces. In the last construction period of the Odeon, however, size of the orchestra was reduced and its shape became semicircular. The floor was made of large marble slabs surrounded by marble orthostates near the cavea. A wall around the Eastern end of the orchestra supported the lowest part the cavea.</p><br>
<p>The cavea surrounds the Eastern side of orchestra and had between 300-350 spectator seats arranged in step-like shape for better visibility. A vaulted structure with numerous vaulted spaces in truncated cone shape supported the cavea. A similar structure was used for the construction of the spectator area of the Colosseum in Rome. The cavea is separated from the skene via parodoi.</p><br>
<h2>Conservation and restoration</h2><br>
<p>The Odeon of Philippopolis was discovered in 1988 by the archeologist Z.Dimitrov and Maya Martinova. In 1995 the ancient monument was listed as a cultural value of national significance. Conservation works were carried out in 2002 with the financial support from the Leventis foundation.</p><br>
<p>Image:Odeon2.jpg</p><br>
<p>Image:Bulgaria-0819 - Roman Odeon (7432953250).jpg</p><br>
<p>Image:Bulgaria-0828 - Roman Odeon (7432961404).jpg</p><br>
<p>Image:Bulgaria-0813 - Roman Odeon (7432946560).jpg</p><br>
<p>The Frederick Stearns Building is a manufacturing plant located at 6533 East Jefferson Avenue in Detroit, Michigan. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 and designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1981.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Frederick Stearns & Company, established in 1855, was a leading pharmaceutical manufacturer in 19th century Detroit. In the late 1890s, Frederick K. Stearns (son of the firms founder, Frederick A. Stearns) commissioned William B. Stratton to design this building Construction was completed in 1899 at a cost of $85,000. It originally contained Stearnss production facilities, as well as warehouses and white-collar offices.</p><br>
<p>The building was converted into condominiums in 1989, and is now known as the Lofts at Rivertown.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The building was originally three stories in height; a fourth floor was added later. The original building, with its upper story addition, is constructed from brick. The façade is symmetric, with projecting pavilions at each end and another in the center; this front section, which housed the company offices, is 13 bays wide and five bays deep. The center paviolion contains an arched stone entryway and a clock on the third floor. Each window in the Jefferson façade is trimmed with limestone. Fourth-floor gables above the end paviolions add to the appeal of the building.</p><br>
<p>A taller concrete addition, the top of which can be seen from Jefferson,</p><br>
<p>The Captain Avery Museum is a historic home and museum at Shady Side, Anne Arundel County, Maryland, United States. It is a two-story frame building, located on a 0.75 acre rectangular lot, overlooking the West River and Chesapeake Bay. The two-story house is the original residence of the Chesapeake Bay waterman Capt. Salem Avery, constructed about 1860, which was expanded in the 19th century, and later in the 1920s by the National Masonic Fishing and Country Club. The property consists of the main house with additions; three sheds formerly used as bath houses; and a modern boathouse built in 1993, featuring the locally built EDNA FLORENCE, a 1937 Chesapeake Bay deadrise workboat.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<p>The museum, originally called the Captain Salem Avery House Museum, was founded in 1984 by the Shady Side Rural Heritage Society as a local history museum. The names of the Society and the museum were changed in 2015; today, the Captain Avery Museum is owned and operated by the non-profit Captain Avery Museum, Inc.</p><br>
<p>Belvoir is a historic house at Crownsville, Anne Arundel County, Maryland. It is a two-story, T-shaped building, constructed of brick, stone, and wood. The home is a product of building evolution spanning the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries. The earliest portion was probably built about 1736, but could date to the 17th century. It was the home of the grandmother of Francis Scott Key, who composed the Star Spangled Banner. Key visited in the summer in 1789.</p><br>
<p>Archaeological research is being performed on the plantation site to document the lives of slaves during the 18th and 19th centuries. A foundation from the slave quarters made of stone from the last quarter of the 18th century was found, with many artifacts from the period when slaves lived in the building.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.</p><br>
<p>Roger Lake  is a mountain pond located in a meadow on Aneroid Mountain in the Eagle Cap Wilderness of Northeastern Oregon, United States. It is 0.5 mi from Aneroid Lake on trail 1804. It is listed as the 29th highest lake in the Eagle Cap Wilderness</p><br>
<h2>Trail</h2><br>
<p>Roger Lake can be accessed by either the East Fork Wallowa River Trailhead at Wallowa Lake or the Tenderfoot Trailhead. The East Fork Wallowa River Trailhead is by far a shorter hike to Roger Lake, being only 5.5 mi long. After about 2 mi of hiking on the East Fork Wallowa River Trail, the climber will reach a small dam. At 3.8 mi there is a small, well built bridge. The average depth of the lake is 30 ft, and the maximum depth is 46 ft. The trail is usually very well maintained. It may be heavily traveled in the summer months.</p><br>
<p>The Painted Desert Community Complex is the administrative center of Petrified Forest National Park. The community center includes administrative facilities, utility structures and National Park Service employee housing, planned by architects Richard Neutra and Robert Alexander as part of the Mission 66 park facilities improvement program. Work on the community began in 1961 and was completed by 1965. The complex contrasts with earlier Park Service architecture that sought to blend with the environment. The Painted Desert community used straight manufactured materials that deliberately draw a contrast with the natural environment.</p><br>
<p>The most significant building is the Painted Desert Visitor Center, designed as a severely modernist structure that includes administrative offices., a visitor center, an auditorium, a clinic and staff apartments. Other structures include a community center, school and a Fred Harvey Company concession building.</p><br>
<p>Neutra and Alexander paid particular attention to the division of the complex into public and private areas, using low walls to divide the Park Service service area from the central zone, and setting the inward-facing residential areas at a distance. Pedestrian circulation paths are used as defining organizing elements.</p><br>
<p>The original landscape design used non-native plants that required regular watering. Removal of irrigation caused these plants to die, altering the landscape.</p><br>
<p>The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005, and was designated a National Historic Landmark District in 2016.</p><br>
<p>The Biltmore Forest School was the first school of forestry in North America. The school of "practical forestry" was founded by Carl A. Schenck in 1898 on George W. Vanderbilt&#39;s Biltmore Estate near Asheville, North Carolina. The school grounds are now part of Pisgah National Forest in Transylvania County, North Carolina.</p><br>
<p>Today, the former school forms the basis of the Cradle of Forestry in America, a 6500-acre historic site which features exhibits about forestry and forest conservation history. The site includes the Forest Discovery Center, an indoor forestry museum, gift shop and cafe. There are two guided trails that include several of the school&#39;s buildings, a logging locomotive and a portable sawmill. The Center offers special programs, crafts demonstrations, nature education programs and special events.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1895, Carl A. Schenck was brought by George W. Vanderbilt from Germany to Vanderbilts Biltmore Estate in North Carolina to work managing the vast expanses of forest lands on the estates property. Schenck replaced Gifford Pinchot as Vanderbilts estate forester, and immediately began introducing new scientific management and practical forestry techniques. As Schenck worked throughout Vanderbilts vast forest lands in Western North Carolina, he found himself explaining to local young men what he was working on and why it was important to maintain healthy forests. The growing interest in forestry work Schenck found among the locals caused him to look into starting his own forestry education program.</p><br>
<p>With the permission of Vanderbilt, Schenck established the Biltmore Forest School using abandoned farm buildings on the estate grounds. This was the first school of forestry in North America. According to The Biltmore Company, the school "opened its doors on September 1, 1898." According to Steven Anderson, President of the Forest History Society, this was just "a few weeks" before the opening of the New York State College of Forestry at Cornell University, under the leadership of Dr. Bernhard Fernow.</p><br>
<p>The Biltmore Forest School offered a one-year course of study, and the curriculum focused on providing traditional classroom lectures in silvicultural theory supplemented with extensive hands-on, practical forest management field training. Schenck&#39;s students spent most afternoons in the forest doing hands-on work and directly applying the theories they had learned in the classroom. Schenck was a demanding, but engaging professor, and his students took to him immediately, absorbing as much of the scientific forestry theories as they could.</p><br>
<h2>Biltmore Forest Fair</h2><br>
<p>In November 1908, Schenck hosted the Biltmore Forest Fair, designed to demonstrate the accomplishments and possibilities of scientific management and practical forestry techniques, and to celebrate the 10th anniversary of his Forestry School. The three-day festival ran from November 26–29, exhibiting theories of forestry taught at the school. Attendees were given forest plantation tours with Schenck as their guide, and received detailed lessons on forestry practices, planting techniques, logging operations, seed regeneration, soil composition and more.</p><br>
<p>Schenck sent personal letters inviting close to 400 people to the fair, along with these letters of invitation, Schenck also enclosed a 55-page illustrated booklet, A Forest Fair in the Biltmore Forest, which served as not only a guide to the forests at Biltmore but also a textbook of forestry and conservation practices. The guests included foresters, lumbermen, furniture manufacturers, botanists, university professors and others. The fair successfully demonstrated Schenck’s forestry and conservation practices, with various newspaper editorials from the region subsequently praising him.</p><br>
<h2>School's end and legacy</h2><br>
<p>Vanderbilts forest ventures had always been unprofitable. Following several years that Schenck was unpaid but paid many employees out of his own pocket, in 1909 Schenck and Vanderbilt quarreled and Schenck was dismissed as forester of the Vanderbilt estate. Although the Biltmore Forest School was financially self-sustaining, he could no longer operate it on Vanderbilts property. Schenck continued the school through 1913, though, by traveling with his students and operating from various locations including railway cars and locations in Germany.</p><br>
<p>Despite the schools short existence, it laid the foundation for American forestry education. Graduates of the Biltmore Forest School became the first generation of American professional foresters. Schencks theories of sustainable forestry greatly influenced the field, remaining important long after his death, in 1955. Today, the school continues to be celebrated as "the cradle of forestry in America" on Vanderbilt&#39;s former lands in Pisgah National Forest, and several of the remaining buildings can be seen on trails that are part of the Cradle of Forestry in America site.</p><br>
<p>Bunker Hill is a historic home at Millersville, Anne Arundel County, Maryland, United States. It is a large, eclectic, frame dwelling which reflects several periods of growth. The final composition embodies the late-19th century Victorian Picturesque, A.J. Downing "cottage" style of architecture. The main block, which contains the principal entrance, was constructed about 1820 and a large two story wing was added to the rear about 1870. Later additions occurred throughout the 20th Century. Several 19th century frame outbuildings and a caretaker&#39;s house are on the site, including a smokehouse/dairy, root cellar, tool house, chicken house, slave quarters, carriage house, ice house, pumphouse, barn, and corncrib.</p><br>
<p>Bunker Hill was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>Burrages End is a historic home near Lothian, Anne Arundel County, Maryland, United States. It is a small -story frame house with gambrel roof. The site is noteworthy for containing a number of buildings from the late 18th century or early 19th century. The house was constructed c. 1780, replacing an earlier house on the site, according to a 1982 study by the Architectural Research Department of the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, presumably by Col. John Weems who purchased the property in 1764. Weems was the construction contractor for the 1762-65 St. James Church 3/4 mile to the south. At Weems death in 1794, Burrages End was sold to Thomas Sellman and remained in that family&#39;s hands until 1946. A Weems-Sellman cemetery is on site.</p><br>
<p>Historic outbuildings include a slave quarter and a tobacco barn. In the late 1700s, Major John Welsh built a hall-and-parlor plan house with a "new hall" addition, both replaced c. 1780. "Although often assigned a late 17th century date, the present dwelling is a later house, built c. 1780."</p><br>
<p>The property was patented in 1665 to John Burrage, who sold it to Welsh in 1668.</p><br>
<p>Burrages End was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>The Patrick Creagh House is a historic house located at 160 Prince George Street in Annapolis, Anne Arundel County, Maryland.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>It is a single-pile, -story brick house with a steeply pitched gambrel roof. The house was originally built between 1735 and 1747 by local craftsman Patrick Creagh, and enlarged during the late 18th or early 19th centuries. In the early 19th century, the property was purchased by free African-American John Smith, whose wife operated Aunt Lucy’s Bakeshop at the corner of Main and Greene Streets. Some walls of the house show scars from gunfire during the Civil War. The backyard of the house has been used in a number of remodeling advertisements.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 29, 1973.</p><br>
<p>Twin Oaks is a historic home at Linthicum Heights, Anne Arundel County, Maryland, United States. The house is a -story brick Greek Revival–influenced dwelling constructed in 1857, with additions and Neo-Classical embellishments made in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The final composition is an eclectic, Georgian Revival–influenced dwelling. Twin Oaks was the home of USA Congressman John Charles Linthicum, who is noted for sponsoring the legislation which established The Star-Spangled Banner as the United States National Anthem. He entertained many dignitaries at Twin Oaks, including William Jennings Bryan and General Douglas MacArthur. Also on the property are a Victorian birdhouse, an aviary, a columned grape arbor, two freestanding concrete-cast columns, and a few pieces of statuary.</p><br>
<p>Twin Oaks was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>Agate House is a partially reconstructed Puebloan building in Petrified Forest National Park, built almost entirely of petrified wood. The eight-room pueblo has been dated to approximately the year 900 and occupied through 1200, of the Pueblo II and Pueblo III periods. The agatized wood was laid in a clay mortar, in lieu of the more usual sandstone-and-mortar masonry of the area.</p><br>
<p>The ruins of Agate House were reconstructed by the Civilian Conservation Corps in 1933-34 under the direction of C.B. Cosgrove Jr. of the New Mexico Laboratory of Anthropology. Room 7 was fully reconstructed with a new roof. Room 2&#39;s walls were rebuilt to a height of five feet, but not roofed, and the remaining walls were rebuilt to a height of two or three feet.</p><br>
<p>Morris Lake is a long shallow lake in Nova Scotia&#39;s Halifax Regional Municipality bordering the communities of Dartmouth, Shearwater and Cole Harbour.</p><br>
<p>The lake is bounded by Shearwater and Portland Estates on the west, Cole Harbour on the east and south, and Portland Hills on the north. The shoreline is mostly developed on the northwest end. The Imperial Oil Refinery on the shore of Halifax Harbour draws water from the lake for cooling. CFB Shearwater also uses a portion of the lake for helicopter practice manoeuvres and it also maintains a small recreational beach.</p><br>
<h2>Recreational areas</h2><br>
<p>Macdonalds Beach CFB Shearwater</p><br>
<p>Kiwanis Park Beach</p><br>
<h2>Other lakes of the same name in Nova Scotia</h2><br>
<p>Guysborough County at 45&deg;4&prime;30&Prime;N latitude, 62&deg;18&prime;31&Prime;W longitude</p><br>
<p>The Kilpatrick Hills are a range of hills in central Scotland, stretching from Dumbarton in the west to Strathblane in the east. Strathblane divides the Kilpatricks from the Campsie Fells to the east, while to the north is part of the Loch Lomond and the Trossachs National Park. To west and south the hills are fringed by the settlements of Balloch, Dumbarton, Milton, Bowling, Old Kilpatrick, Clydebank, Bearsden and Milngavie. The majority of the range is within West Dunbartonshire, although it extends into the East Dunbartonshire and Stirling areas.</p><br>
<p>The highest points in the range are Duncolm (1,314 ft) and Fynloch (1,313 ft). The Kilpatricks offer a number of viewpoints and places of interest: among the best known are Doughnot Hill and The Whangie. The area features several reservoirs.</p><br>
<p>The hills are of volcanic origin, modified by subsequent glaciation.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Kilpatrick Hills are a part of the Clyde Plateau Lavas. These are about 340 million years old. Basaltic types of rocks (lavas, tuffs and agglomerates) predominate here. These are produced by denudation of the successive flows.</p><br>
<p>The Whangie in the north of the Kilpatricks is of particular interest to geologists and casual walkers alike. It consists of a slice of the hillside that has been separated from the main slope. This has created a narrow chasm up to 10 m high and about 100 m in length through which visitors can walk. It has commonly been explained as result of glacial plucking, but more recent research indicates that a translational landslide was the cause. During an ice age, a glacier slowly undermined the crag, opening up cracks in the rock and causing this chasm to form.</p><br>
<p>The etymology of the Whangies name is obscure but it might derive from the old Scots for slice (as in whang o cheese). Local folklore suggests that it was created by the devil flicking his tail as he flew past.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeological sites</h2><br>
<p>There are several archaeological sites on the south-facing slopes of the hills. The chambered cairn at Carnhowit is situated on the plateau top near the edge of Cochno Loch, at a height of 275 m. There are three other cairns, which may be from the bronze age period. One known as Maidens Paps is nearby, just to the east of Jaw Reservoir which abuts Cochno Loch. Both it and another cairn on Cochno Hill are at a height of about 250 m, and the third cairn is sited at Wester Duntiglennan at approximately 150 m height. Cists have been found at Cochno and Duntocher, and on the slopes below 150 m several groups of cup and ring marks have been found on outcrops, mostly around Auchnacraig and Whitehill, with other groups further west along the slopes to above Bowling, West Dunbartonshire.</p><br>
<h2>Topology and toponymy</h2><br>
<p>The hills are named after the village of Old Kilpatrick, which lies at their southern foot. The following table lists summits over 1,000 ft. Duncolm, the highest point of the range, is also the only Marilyn in the Kilpatricks, having a relative height of over 150 m.</p><br>
<p>Tell Arpachiyah  is a prehistoric archaeological site in Nineveh Province . It takes its name from a more recent village located about 4 mi from Nineveh. The proper name of the mound on which the site is located is Tepe Reshwa.</p><br>
<p>Tepe Gawra is also a contemporary neolithic site located in the Mosul region.</p><br>
<h2>History of archaeological research</h2><br>
<p>After being scouted by Reginald Campbell Thompson in 1928, it was excavated by Max Mallowan and John Cruikshank Rose of the British School of Archaeology in Iraq, along with Agatha Christie, in 1933. Additional soundings were conducted in 1976 by a team led by Ismail Hijara. Several Halaf structures were uncovered, including tholoi and the "Burnt House". An array of Halaf pottery and sealings were also found, along with some Ubaid burials.</p><br>
<h2>Tell Arpachiyah and its environment</h2><br>
<p>Tell Arpachiyah is a small tell, or settlement mound, with a maximum diameter of 67 m and a peak height of 5.5 m. The full site has a diameter of around 125 m.</p><br>
<h2>Occupation history</h2><br>
<p>The site was occupied in the Halaf and Ubaid periods. It appears to have been heavily involved in the manufacture of pottery. The pottery recovered there formed the basis of the internal chronology of the Halaf period.</p><br>
<p>Tatlayoko Lake is a lake on the Homathko River in the western Chilcotin District of the Central Interior of British Columbia, Canada, located on a north-south axis just upstream of the entrance of the series of canyons of the Homathko, including the Great Canyon of the Homathko, on its route to the sea at the head of Bute Inlet. The community of Tatlayoko Lake, British Columbia is located at its northern end.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Tatlayoko Lake is part of the land claim of the Tsilhqotin People of Xeni (aka Xeni Gwetin First Nation or the Nemaia Valley Indian Band) and is called by them Talhiqox Biny ("biny"-"lake"). One of their number, Klattasine or Klatsassan, led a party of warriors to attack a crew building a gold-rush era route known as Waddingtons Road in the Homathkos canyons, which was the opening round of the Chilcotin War of 1864. Relief troops, including the governor of the colony&#39;s own party and escort, came to the Chilcotin via Tatlayoko Lake.</p><br>
<p>Tatlayoko Lake and the Homathko River are components in a proposed diversion project involving Chilko Lake, across the mountains on the east side of the lake. Run-of-the-river hydroelectric licenses have been let for the Homathko downstream from the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The first comprehensive map of British Columbia was produced under the authority of Joseph Trutch, and was published in 1871. This map gives the name as Ta tlah co Lake, which is similar to the Tsilhqotin name Telhiqox. A few years later, George Dawson surveyed the geology of the area, and his 1878 report to the Geological Survey of Canada used the spelling Tatlayoco. Maps of British Columbia published in the 1880s and 1890s continued to use minor variations of Tatlahco Lake, while many geological publications used Dawsons spelling of Tatlayoco.</p><br>
<p>The existence of many different spellings for a geographic location was not unusual for that era, and the Geographic Board of Canada was established in 1897 to standardize these spellings. Their "Rules of Nomenclature" included the following:</p><br>
<p>The name that is published first will be preferred</p><br>
<p>If an indigenous name is used, the spelling should approximate the true pronunciation</p><br>
<p>The name should not include any redundant or unpronounced letters</p><br>
<p>Any hard "c" should be replaced with a "k"</p><br>
<p>The Geographic Board of Canada was unaware that the lake was named Tatlahco, which they erroneously thought was a name for a tributary to the Bella Coola River. They were only aware of Dawsons spelling of Tatlayoco, which they adopted as the official name in 1911, after changing the hard "c" to a "k". The name therefore came to be spelled Tatlayoko, despite the fact that Tatlahco was published first, is a better approximation of the original Tsilhqotin word, and reflects the actual pronunciation of the name (TA-tla-ko).</p><br>
<p>According to the Rules of Nomenclature, Tatlahco should have been respelled Tatlako.</p><br>
<p>Sudley is a historic home at Deale, Anne Arundel County, Maryland. It is a -story frame house with shorter perpendicular wings added. It is a grand hall-chamber house of the 1720–1730 period and retains a great deal of early finish. The house is typical of the Medieval Transitional style of architecture, and has undergone three significant renovations, one in the third quarter of the 18th century of Georgian-style, one about 1800, and finally a restoration in 1945. The house is associated with Kensey Johns, Chief Justice of the Delaware Supreme Court, chancellor of Delaware, and a delegate to the Delaware Constitutional Convention from New Castle County, Delaware; John Johns, Bishop of Virginia and President of The College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia; the ancestors of Johns Hopkins, the Baltimore benefactor; and families associated generally with the county&#39;s Quaker heritage.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>Portland Manor, also known as the Benjamin C. Neff House, is a historic home at Lothian, Anne Arundel County, Maryland, United States. It is a 2-story, center-passage plan, frame building. The main block was constructed in 1754, with the two wings added and enlarged about 1852. Also on the property are the remains of a large circular ice house and several frame outbuildings.</p><br>
<p>Portland Manor was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>The Portland Manor timber frame manor house is sited on a fenced 3.8-acre portion of an original 2000-acre parcel granted to Jerome White Esq. by the 2nd Lord Baltimore in 1687. Although subdivided numerous times since then, the 3.8-acre remnant remains surrounded on three sides by unspoiled farmland and has been carefully maintained and restored over a fifteen-year period, beginning in 1997, by an owner/architect. In 2001, Portland Manor was recipient of the Anne Arundel County Orlando Ridout Prize for historic preservation.</p><br>
<p>Living spaces on the first floor include a 19’ x 22’ living room, a 14’x 19’ dining room, a sitting room, an office/library, a powder room, and a large country kitchen. The second floor, accessed by the original central staircase and two secondary stairs, includes four large bedrooms, three full baths and a laundry/storage room (equipped with a front-loading washer and dryer and an upright freezer). A large L-shaped porch off the kitchen on the east side overlooks a fence-enclosed perennial and herb garden and pond; a screened porch on the west side is oriented to views of rolling farmland and dramatic sunsets. There is a partial basement measuring approximately 19’ x 22’.</p><br>
<p>The grounds include a variety of mature trees, a boxwood garden and two outbuildings; a 10’ x 20’ smokehouse, currently used as a garden shop, and a 20’ x 30’ barn that has been completely restored for use as a workshop/pottery studio and for yard equipment storage. Future archeological investigations may confirm suspected locations for an icehouse and various outbuildings and may add to the various artifacts found by the current owners that are included in an historic display at the second floor hallway.</p><br>
<p>In 1997, a dendrochronology study concluded that the original construction of Portland Manor occurred in 1754.</p><br>
<p>Richland is a historic home at Harwood, Anne Arundel County, Maryland. It is a -story, frame, hip-roofed dwelling of approximately 3,000 ft&sup2;. It was constructed for gentleman farmer Robert Murray Cheston  and his wife, the former Mary Murray . It is the only known late-19th-century rural Anne Arundel County dwelling definitively associated with a specific architectural firm. The plans were prepared by the Roanoke, Virginia based architectural firm of Noland and de Saussure, founded by William C. Noland. The home reflects both the Colonial Revival and Queen Anne architecture styles. The house on the 332 acre Richland farm was built in 1893. In the 1950s, the Cheston family subdivided the property and sold the house with approximately 58 acres to the Talliaferro family, and sold the remaining acreage to the Catterton family. The Talliaferro family named their new parcel "Thanksgiving Fam". In 1996, the Heimbuch family purchased Thanksgiving Farm from the Talliaferro family, began planting vineyards1998, completed a restoration of the house in 2004, and opened a winery on the property in 2006.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p><br>
<p>Rosehill is a historic home and property at Gambrills, Anne Arundel County, Maryland. The property consists of 17 acre of partially wooded and cleared land on which are located a dwelling and six outbuildings. The dwelling displays a complex construction evolution originating from a mid-18th-century frame, -story double-pile plan house with an unusual short side passage. This is believed to be the first documented example of this form in the Chesapeake Bay region. The six outbuildings include an early-19th-century frame corn house, a documented 1821 frame tobacco barn, a log outbuilding, a late-19th-century stable, and a late-19th- or early-20th-century pumphouse. The Hopkins family owned the property for 173 years, from 1799 until 1972.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<p>Fort Sinquefield is the historic site of a wooden stockade fortification in Clarke County, Alabama, near the modern town of Grove Hill. It was built by early Clarke County pioneers as protection during the Creek War and was attacked in 1813 by Creek warriors.</p><br>
<p>A marker was erected at the site by Clarke County school children in 1931 and it was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 31, 1974.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>At the time of the Creek War, originally a civil war within the Creek nation, Clarke was a newly formed county in the Mississippi Territory. The Creek were divided between traditionalists in the Upper Towns and those who had adopted more European-American customs in the Lower Towns. Chiefs of the towns disagreed about the uses of communal land and other issues. The first hostilities of the war that involved Americans occurred nearby during the Battle of Burnt Corn, where white militia attacked the Red Sticks on July 27, 1813.</p><br>
<p>The next month, the Red Sticks on August 30, 1813 attacked Fort Mims, garrisoned by the Tensaw Creek. The Red Sticks believed the Tensaw had left behind core Creek values. They killed most of the several hundred people assembled inside Fort Mims, who included Lower Town Creek, intermarried whites and slaves, and other settlers, in an event that became known as the Fort Mims massacre.</p><br>
<p>Fort Sinquefield was used as a refuge by several pioneer families and friendly Lower Creek after the attack on Fort Mims. On September 1, 1813, Red Sticks warriors led by Josiah Francis, a.k.a. Prophet Francis, attacked the Ransom Kimbell and Abner James families, who had left the crowded fort for Kimbell&#39;s cabin nearby. Most of the men escaped back to the fort, but twelve women and children were killed and scalped in what became known as the Kimbell-James Massacre. The bodies were retrieved for burial outside the fort the next day.</p><br>
<p>The Red Sticks attacked a second time that day, catching several woman who were washing clothes at a spring away from the fort. They attempted to cut the women off from the fort, but were thwarted by settlers who released their 60 dogs from the fort.</p><br>
<p>Crum Hill, 2,841 ft, located in northwest Massachusetts, United States, in the towns of Monroe and Florida, is the highest point in Franklin County. The mountain, part of the Hoosac Range , is crossed by a trail system maintained by a local snowmobile club, the Florida Mountaineers. They maintain a trail map on their website.</p><br>
<p>Although Crum Hill is the highest geologic point of the Berkshires, Mount Greylock, 3,491 ft, part of the Taconic Mountains and unrelated to the Berkshires geology, is often misattributed as the high point.</p><br>
<p>The summit of Crum Hill is located in the town of Monroe, Franklin County; the west side of the mountain is located in the town of Florida, part of Berkshire County. The north and east sides of Crum Hill drain into Dunbar Brook, thence into the Deerfield River, the Connecticut River, and Long Island Sound; the west side drains into the Cold River, thence into the Deerfield River; and the south side drains into the Deerfield River via several small brooks.</p><br>
<p>The summit is also the site of Iberdrola Renewables&#39; proposed Bakke Mountain Wind Farm, stalled as of 2008 due to environmental standards challenges.</p><br>
<p>Crowdy Reservoir is located on Bodmin Moor near Camelford in north Cornwall. It is currently managed, jointly by the South West Lakes Trust and South West Water. There is public access to the reservoir away from the nature reserve. The reservoir supplies water to the North Cornwall water distribution network via treatment at the Lowermoor Water Treatment Works.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The concrete dam was completed on Crowdy Marsh in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Crowdy Reservoir is a reservoir on the northern edge of Bodmin Moor Cornwall. It is mostly in the civil parish of Advent and includes a small area in Davidstow parish and is fed by run-off and drainage from the surrounding moorland. The nearest town is Camelford 2 mile to the east; Roughtor is 1 mile to the south; Davidstow Moor on the east shore and to the north is the former Davidstow Airfield now partially covered by a Forestry Commission plantation, Davidstow Woods. The eastern two-thirds is within the Bodmin Moor, North Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). The reservoir provides water to parts of North Cornwall.</p><br>
<h2>Natural history and ecology</h2><br>
<p>Built on a marsh, the reservoir still retains a high degree of biological interest with a gradual transition from emergent vegetation with islets and peat to open water. Cornwall&#39;s only major colony of black-headed gull (Chroicocephalus ridibundus) breed here and a number wildfowl also breed or overwinter here. Some of the species include, gadwall (Anas strepera), goldeneye (Bucephala clangula), goosander (Mergus merganser), mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), common pochard (Aythya ferina), shoveller (Anas clypeata), teal (Anas crecca) and tufted duck (Aythya fuligula).</p><br>
<p>Gresham is a historic home near Edgewater, Anne Arundel County, Maryland. It is a large -story frame dwelling built by John Gresham II after 1686 on land owned by land-grant pioneer Captain Edward Selby.</p><br>
<p>After the Selby heirs suffered financial setbacks, the plantation was owned briefly by the pirate William Cotter and then by assorted members of Colonel Nicholas Gassaways family (his daughter Jane having married Cotter), including the sons of Captain John Gassaway, Lord High Sheriff of Annapolis. The Gresham family continued to own the house on rented Gassaway land then known as Cotters Desire. Gresham is most associated with Commodore Isaac Mayo, who received it from his uncle who had purchased the property and house from the Cotter/Gassaway heirs around 1765. at the dawn of the Civil war he openly opposed.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>Holly Hill, also known as Holland&#39;s Hills or Rose Valley, is a historic house at Friendship, Anne Arundel County, Maryland, United States. It was originally a primitive, two-room, -story frame dwelling constructed in the fall or winter of 1698. An addition was made in 1713, and about 1730 the entire structure was encased in brick and another addition was constructed. The house is an example of the Medieval Transitional style of architecture. It was a quarter plantation of Richard Harrison, who likely built the original structure for his son, Samuel Harrison .</p><br>
<p>Ownership of Holly Hill continued in the Harrison family until 1850; then, after a brief interregnum, it was the home of a branch of the Scrivener family until its purchase in the late 1930s by Captain and Mrs. Hugh P. LeClair. The LeClair family performed an extensive restoration of the house and added a kitchen wing and a detached garage in faithful Tidewater style. In 1968 Holly Hill was purchased by Brice McAdoo Clagett (1933–2008), a descendant of Richard Harrison. Mr. Clagett and his first wife, Virginia P. Clagett, added extensive ornamental plantings and gardens to the grounds near the house.</p><br>
<p>Holly Hill was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971. Holly Hill is protected by conservation easements that are held by Maryland Environmental Trust and Maryland Historical Trust.</p><br>
<p>Hancocks Resolution is a historic two-storey gambrel-roofed stone farm house with shed-roofed dormers and interior end chimneys located on a 15-acre  farm at 2795 Bayside Beach Road in Pasadena, Anne Arundel County, Maryland, United States. In 1785 Stephen Hancock, Jr. built the original stone section as the main house for what was then a 410-acre  farm. Additions to the house were built in 1855 and in about 1900. Stone and frame outbuildings remain, including a one-storey gable-roofed stone dairy. Hancocks Resolution remained in Hancock family ownership until the deaths in the 1960s of Mary Hancock and her brother, Henry Hancock, who left the property to Anne Arundel County to be preserved. Hancock&#39;s Resolution underwent a thorough restoration in 2000 and is now open to the public as a house museum.</p><br>
<p>On October 10, 1975, Hancock&#39;s Resolution was added to the National Register of Historic Places. Included in the designation were the additions, outbuildings and the Hancock family graveyard.</p><br>
<p>Altomira  is a mountain village in the municipal unit of Avia, Messenia, Greece. As of 2011, it had a population of 47. It sits at 860 metres above sea level. Many of its residents only live here during the summer months. Altomira lies on the western slope of the Taygetus mountains, 7 km from the sea. It is 12 km southeast from Kalamata.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Altomira was mentioned for the first time in 1618 with 20 families. After Greek independence, it was administratively part of the municipality of Gerinia and between 1841 and 1914 of the municipality Avia. Until 1998, when it became part of Avia again, it was an independent community.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>Theodoros Belitsos Ta Altomira tis Exo Manis (Τα Αλτομιρά της Έξω Μάνης (Ιστορία-Οικογένειες-Τοπωνύμια)=Altomira in Outer Mani (History-Family-Toponyms), 1999</p><br>
<p>The Park Range is a mountain range in northeast Nye County, Nevada about 40 miles south of Eureka. The Antelope Range lies to the northwest and the Little Smoky Valley lies to the northeast. The Big Sand Springs Valley and the Pancake Range are to the east. The Hot Creek Range is to the southwest.</p><br>
<p>Peaks include an unnamed peak in the south end of the range at 9,131 ft and Park Mountain in the north end of the range at 9,058 ft.</p><br>
<p>Andesite Ridge (peak elevation 8,045 ft) runs adjacent and parallel to the southeast side of the range, separated from the range by Prichards Canyon. Historic Summit Station, Prichards Station and Hicks Station were on the roads east, south and west of the range respectively.</p><br>
<h2>Wilderness study area</h2><br>
<p>The Park Range Wilderness Study Area encompasses almost all of the range. The range is rugged and ungrazed by livestock with natural meadows with good water sources existing in the volcanic bedrock. Forests of pinyon pine, juniper and mountain mahogany occur in the range.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The range is typical of the Basin and Range in Nevada. It is bounded by high angle faults on all sides. Most of the range consists of Oligocene rhyolitic to latitic volcanic flows and pyroclastic deposits along with some andesites. The volcanic rock layers are tilted to the west with a dip of about 20° to the east. At the north end of the range Paleozoic sedimentary rocks including Ordovician Goodwin Limestone and Silurian Devils Gate Limestone are found along with other sedimentary rocks as fault blocks within the volcanic rocks. The block of Paleozoic sediments have been prospected for epithermal (hot spring associated) gold as has the Andesite Ridge area which lies just to the southeast of the main range.</p><br>
